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CAQDAS Comparison

CAQDAS Comparison / Statistical Functions

Even though CAQDAS are expressly designed for qualitative analyses, one of the most promising fields for methodological enhancement through CAQDAS lies in mixed-method approaches, as most CAQDAS should handle bulk data very efficiently.

Three potential CAQDAS functions might be particularly useful for the integration of quantitative methods into qualitative research:

  1. Word counts, in particularly when combined with lemmatizations (word stemming), might reveal useful hints for potential keyword codes.
  2. Crosstabulations and word maps might identify themes in the data.
  3. Most importantly, the export of data, such as code frequencies across documents, enables statistical analyses withe the appropriate external software.

In contrast, the possibility to directly perform more complex quantitative content analyses within CAQDAS, while convenient, can take a backseat, if the latter data exchange facilities are offered. At any rate, currently only QDA Miner, which is integrated in the Simstat Suite for statistical analyses offers such functionality. As displayed in below table, which summarizes the statistical facilities offered by the different CAQDAS, all of the programs offer unproblematic transfer of their data to statistical packages and spreadsheets, once the data have been generated. The major differences therefore lie in the ease of data generation.

Most programs (with the exception of NVivo and Qualrus) allow for the display of simple word frequencies. ATLAS.ti and MAXqda with its plug-in MAXdictio allow moreover for the usage of manually defined stop word lists, an essential tool for all quantitative analyses. QDA Miner goes even a step further, as it contains inbuilt and links to dictionaries.

QDA Miner is also the most sophisticated program, when it comes to the analyses of co-occurrences of codes and/or strings, as it not only allows for the visualization of co-occurrence matrixes, but also for a number of clustering methodologies. All newer CAQDAS allow for some visualization of co-hierarchy matrices; NVivo, for instance, colors co-occurrences darker, the more frequent they are.

Finally, a major consideration in the use of CAQDAS for mixed methods is their speed, which will be discussed in the next section.


  Word Counts Crosstabs Exchange with Statistical Software Inbuilt Statistical Functions
ATLAS.ti 5.0 manual stop list; slow1 no csv files2 and drag & drop no
E6
HyperRESEARCH 2.6
Kwalitan 5.09 simple requires word list spss and csv files2 none
MAXqda 2 MAXdictio add-on allows for Word lists no csv files2 and drag & drop no
N6
NVivo 2 no visualization (codes only) spss and csv files2 and drag & drop no
QDA Miner 1.0.15 inbuilt lemmatization [EN/FR]; inbuilt stop word list visualization (codes and words) csv files2; direct interchange with Simstat modules extensive
Qualrus 2.0.4.0 no codes only csv files2 none
TAMS 2.50b5
Non-CAQDAS benchmark programs
Textpack

  1. ATLAS.ti's Word Cruncher took more than three hours to perform its task onto approximately 2,000 documents with maximum 10KByte size.
  2. Comma or tab delimited files are plain text files, which can be read by virtually all statistical and office applications.

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