In this section we specify several models to allow an assessment of the propensity to vote. We begin with a single level model (Model 1), based on an individual level analysis, and then specify several multilevel models. We explain the model specification in terms of the available survey data from the ESS and aggregate country level data from Eurostat New Cronos. Models 2-4 are multilevel models that can be fitted with ESS data alone. Models 5 and 6 combine country level aggregate data from the Eurostat New Cronos with the ESS data.